Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey, SLMPS 2022
Sudan, 2022
Economic Research Forum
Identification
Survey ID Number
SDN_SLMPS_2022_V2.2
Title
Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey, SLMPS 2022
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Sudan | SDN |
Series Information
The Economic Research Forum (ERF) in cooperation with Sudan's Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) has carried out The Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey (SLMPS) in 2022.
Abstract
The Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022 (SLMPS 2022) is the first wave of a planned longitudinal study of the Sudanese labor market designed to elucidate the way in which human resources are developed and deployed in the Sudanese economy. The SLMPS 2022 is a nationally-representative household survey on a panel of about 5,000 households planned to be repeated every six years. The focus of the survey is to understand key relationships between labor market processes and outcomes and other socio-economic processes such as education, training, family formation and fertility, internal and international migration, gender equality and women's empowerment, enterprise development, housing acquisition, and equality of opportunity and intergenerational mobility.
The SLMPS 2022 is modeled on similar surveys carried out in Egypt in 1998, 2006, 2012, and 2018 in Jordan in 2010 and 2016, and in Tunisia in 2014. All of these surveys started out with a sample of 5,000 households in the first wave and then the sample grew as a results of household splits and the addition of a refresher sample in every new wave. The SLMPS 2022 also includes modules from the Living Standards Measurement Study Plus (LSMS+) surveys that focus on gender disaggregated asset, employment, and entrepreneurship data. Given the level of detail desired in the individual level information, it is crucial in this survey that the information be collected from the individual him or herself rather than from any informant in the household. Therefore, the survey design calls for a number of visits to the same household to make sure that each individual aged five and older can be interviewed in person.
===============================================================================================
For details on the key characteristics of the SLMPS 2022, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
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The SLMPS 2022 is modeled on similar surveys carried out in Egypt in 1998, 2006, 2012, and 2018 in Jordan in 2010 and 2016, and in Tunisia in 2014. All of these surveys started out with a sample of 5,000 households in the first wave and then the sample grew as a results of household splits and the addition of a refresher sample in every new wave. The SLMPS 2022 also includes modules from the Living Standards Measurement Study Plus (LSMS+) surveys that focus on gender disaggregated asset, employment, and entrepreneurship data. Given the level of detail desired in the individual level information, it is crucial in this survey that the information be collected from the individual him or herself rather than from any informant in the household. Therefore, the survey design calls for a number of visits to the same household to make sure that each individual aged five and older can be interviewed in person.
===============================================================================================
For details on the key characteristics of the SLMPS 2022, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
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Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
1- Households.
2- Individuals.
3- Household Enterprises.
2- Individuals.
3- Household Enterprises.
Version
Version Description
V2.2: Version 2.2 of the “Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey, SLMPS 2022” prepared for public dissemination.
Production
Date
2023-08
Version Notes
Sudan's last labor market survey was in 2011; the country's last nationally representative household survey was in 2014. The Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey (SLMPS) 2022, a multipurpose household survey, represents a critical opportunity to undertake research on Sudan. The SLMPS 2022 was carried out by ERF in cooperation with the Sudanese Central Bureau of Statistics.
Scope
Notes
The topics covered by the survey included:
Parental background, education, housing, access to services, residential mobility, migration and remittances, time use, marriage patterns and costs, fertility, women’s decision making and empowerment, job dynamics, savings and borrowing behavior, the operation of household enterprises and farms, besides the usual focus on employment, unemployment and earnings in typical labor force surveys. SLMPS 2022 also provided more detailed information on health, gender role attitudes, food security, hazardous work, community infrastructure and the cost of housing. It incorporated specific questions on vulnerability, coping strategies and access to social safety net programs.
In addition, the survey also contains a large number of retrospective questions about the timing of major life events such as education, residential mobility, jobs, marriage and fertility. The survey provides detailed information about place of birth and subsequent residence, as well information about schools and colleges attended at various stages of an individual’s trajectory, which permit the individual records to be linked to information from other data sources about the geographic context in which the individual lived and the educational institutions s/he attended.
Parental background, education, housing, access to services, residential mobility, migration and remittances, time use, marriage patterns and costs, fertility, women’s decision making and empowerment, job dynamics, savings and borrowing behavior, the operation of household enterprises and farms, besides the usual focus on employment, unemployment and earnings in typical labor force surveys. SLMPS 2022 also provided more detailed information on health, gender role attitudes, food security, hazardous work, community infrastructure and the cost of housing. It incorporated specific questions on vulnerability, coping strategies and access to social safety net programs.
In addition, the survey also contains a large number of retrospective questions about the timing of major life events such as education, residential mobility, jobs, marriage and fertility. The survey provides detailed information about place of birth and subsequent residence, as well information about schools and colleges attended at various stages of an individual’s trajectory, which permit the individual records to be linked to information from other data sources about the geographic context in which the individual lived and the educational institutions s/he attended.
Topics
| Topic | Vocabulary |
|---|---|
| Labor Force | ERF |
| Unemployment | ERF |
| Enterprises | ERF |
| Migration & Remittances | ERF |
| Education | ERF |
| Social Protection (includes Pensions, Safety Nets, Social Funds) | ERF |
| Earnings | ERF |
| Empowerment | ERF |
| Job dynamics | ERF |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for all regions.
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For detailed information on the regions and governorates used in the SLMPS 2022 Sample, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
=======================================================================
========================================================================================================
For detailed information on the regions and governorates used in the SLMPS 2022 Sample, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
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Universe
The survey covered a national sample of households and all household's members aged five and above. In addition, the survey covered enterprises operated by the household.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name |
|---|
| Economic Research Forum |
Producers
| Name |
|---|
| Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan |
| Ministry of Labour and Social Development, Sudan |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Center for Labor Economics, Bonn Germany | IZA |
| World Bank | WB |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
A fundamental challenge when designing the SLMPS sample was the lack of a recent, nationally representative sample frame. The last national population census in Sudan was in 2008, before the secession of South Sudan. There had also been limited updating of administrative borders and maps. The first level of administrative geography in Sudan is the state (wilaya), and there are 18 states in Sudan. The second level of administrative geography in Sudan is the locality (mahaliya), and CBS had updated the borders of localities in 2017 to 189 distinct geographies (each locality nested within a single state).). The principal investigators (C. Krafft and R. Assaad) used the updated borders combined with 2020 population estimates based on remote sensing data to create our sampling frame and draw our sample. These sources were supplemented with additional data to identify refugee and IDP camps and areas for our strata.
The planned sample design was a random stratified cluster sample made up of 5,000 households sub-divided into 250 primary sampling units (PSUs). The strata represented in the sample are:
(i) refugee camps,
(ii) refugee areas (areas with non-camp refugee settlements),
(iii) IDP camps,
(iv) IDP areas (areas with non-camp IDP settlements),
(v) other (non-refugee/non-IDP) rural areas,
(vi) other urban areas.
===============================================================================================
For details on the sampling of the SLMPS 2022, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
=======================================================================
The planned sample design was a random stratified cluster sample made up of 5,000 households sub-divided into 250 primary sampling units (PSUs). The strata represented in the sample are:
(i) refugee camps,
(ii) refugee areas (areas with non-camp refugee settlements),
(iii) IDP camps,
(iv) IDP areas (areas with non-camp IDP settlements),
(v) other (non-refugee/non-IDP) rural areas,
(vi) other urban areas.
===============================================================================================
For details on the sampling of the SLMPS 2022, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
=======================================================================
Deviations from the Sample Design
The realities of the sample frame and the logistics of fielding led to a number of deviations from the planned sample in fielding. While the initial sample was estimated to have a reasonable number of households in each PSU based on satellite imaging and population projections, there were cases where a PSU did not, in fact, have any or many households. All PSU locations were reviewed first in the CBS offices to identify locations that were empty or where there appeared to be five or fewer households and these locations were replaced with backup PSUs. There were a variety of reasons why a PSU might have few or no households, including that it consisted of industrial/commercial (not residential) buildings, that it was a mine or grain storage area, or that it had rocks or grain silos that looked like residences.
When office review determined there were at least five or more potential households on the satellite maps, fielding was attempted. However, a number of issues arose in the field as well. Upon visiting, buildings were determined to be non-residential, or were abandoned. Furthermore, a number of locations were determined to be unsafe to field, a status that even changed and fluctuated frequently during the fieldwork. Persistent sandstorms also prevented fielding in specific localities. The rainy season likewise made some locations inaccessible for fielding. Backup samples were created; initially one urban and one rural backup were provided per state,
and further backups were drawn as needed to replace PSUs that could not be fielded. Backups were, if possible, from the same strata and always from the same state. When possible, additional backups were also drawn from the same locality in an attempt to minimize bias. However, there
were cases when an entire locality became inaccessible.
Ultimately, 152 PSUs from the original sample of 250 were fielded in the initially planned locations. Nine of the initially planned backups were used. For the remainder, 24 were replaced by the first replacement given, 17 by the second, 17 by the third, 9 by the fourth, 6 by the fifth, 4 by the seventh, and the remaining 12 by various higher order replacements. Repeated replacements tended to occur in localities with a high share of buildings (e.g. mines, grain storage) that the population estimates likely mistook for residences.
===============================================================================================
For details on the sampling of the SLMPS 2022, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
=======================================================================
When office review determined there were at least five or more potential households on the satellite maps, fielding was attempted. However, a number of issues arose in the field as well. Upon visiting, buildings were determined to be non-residential, or were abandoned. Furthermore, a number of locations were determined to be unsafe to field, a status that even changed and fluctuated frequently during the fieldwork. Persistent sandstorms also prevented fielding in specific localities. The rainy season likewise made some locations inaccessible for fielding. Backup samples were created; initially one urban and one rural backup were provided per state,
and further backups were drawn as needed to replace PSUs that could not be fielded. Backups were, if possible, from the same strata and always from the same state. When possible, additional backups were also drawn from the same locality in an attempt to minimize bias. However, there
were cases when an entire locality became inaccessible.
Ultimately, 152 PSUs from the original sample of 250 were fielded in the initially planned locations. Nine of the initially planned backups were used. For the remainder, 24 were replaced by the first replacement given, 17 by the second, 17 by the third, 9 by the fourth, 6 by the fifth, 4 by the seventh, and the remaining 12 by various higher order replacements. Repeated replacements tended to occur in localities with a high share of buildings (e.g. mines, grain storage) that the population estimates likely mistook for residences.
===============================================================================================
For details on the sampling of the SLMPS 2022, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
=======================================================================
Response Rate
Households and individuals aged five and older were visited up to three times. A proxy respondent could be taken only if the individual was not available in the three times visits. Individuals ultimately might have non-response if they refused to respond, or, if on the third visit, the individual was not available and a proxy was not available to respond on their behalf. Of the 21,057 individuals aged five and older in the household roster data, 20,086 (95%) consented to and completed the individual questionnaire. Among the 971 individuals who did not complete the individual questionnaire, 74 were not available on the third visit and no proxy was available. The remaining 897 refused or, if under 18, may have refused themselves or had parents refuse to consent for them to be interviewed. Individuals who did not respond would still be among those listed by the household in the roster, so we have their basic demographic characteristics, but not the detailed individual interview data.
Weighting
From the sample design and data collected in the field, sample weights that are designed to make the SLMPS nationally representative, are generated. The weight starts with the probability of a PSU being sampled. We sampled probability proportional to size based on the WorldPop 2020 population estimate (the sum of the population across the pixels within the PSU). A number of PSUs from each stratum-state was sampled. During fieldwork, the number of households within the PSU was supposed to be listed and recorded into ODK-X. In reality, in PSUs that turned out to have larger populations, supervisors did not fully list the PSU. After the fieldwork was completed, the CBS GIS team used satellite images to estimate the number of households within each PSU. The probability of the PSU being sampled and the probability of the household being sampled within the PSU were combined together to generate the PSU weight as the inverse probability of a particular household being sampled.
Due to the sampling complexity please see the below document for more details.
================================================================================
For details on the creation of sample weights, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
=======================================================================
Due to the sampling complexity please see the below document for more details.
================================================================================
For details on the creation of sample weights, see:
Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cheung R.(2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/
=======================================================================
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2022-06 | 2022-11 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan | CBS |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The SLMPS questionnaires consist of a household questionnaire and an individual questionnaire, with modules. The modules built on and ensured substantial comparability with other LMPSs.
The household questionnaire includes: (i) identifiers and household location (ii) roster of household members (iii) housing conditions and durable assets (iv) current household member migrants abroad (v) remittances (vi) other income and transfers (vii) shocks and coping mechanisms (viii) non-agricultural enterprises, including information on characteristics, employment of household members and others, assets, expenditures, and revenue (ix) agricultural assets, land and parcels, capital equipment, livestock, crops, and other agricultural income. The individual questionnaire collects data from all individuals 5 and older (children under five are captured in the household roster). The individual questionnaire elicits information about (i) residential mobility (ii) father's, mother's and sibling characteristics (including siblings abroad) (iv) health (v) education level and detailed educational history (vi) training experiences (vii) skills (viii) current employment and unemployment (viii) job characteristics for the primary and secondary job (ix) labor market history (x) costs and characteristics of marriage (ix) fertility (xii) women's employment (xiii) wages from primary and any secondary jobs (xiv) return migration, refugee, and IDP experiences for Sudanese respondents (xv) modules for immigration and refugees for non-Sudanese respondents (xvi) information technology (xvi) savings and borrowing (xvii) attitudes (xviii) time use (a full 24 hour diary for adults and a shorter module for children) and (xix) a series of questions on rights to parcels, livestock, and durables.
For more details, see the questionnaires in the documentation.
The household questionnaire includes: (i) identifiers and household location (ii) roster of household members (iii) housing conditions and durable assets (iv) current household member migrants abroad (v) remittances (vi) other income and transfers (vii) shocks and coping mechanisms (viii) non-agricultural enterprises, including information on characteristics, employment of household members and others, assets, expenditures, and revenue (ix) agricultural assets, land and parcels, capital equipment, livestock, crops, and other agricultural income. The individual questionnaire collects data from all individuals 5 and older (children under five are captured in the household roster). The individual questionnaire elicits information about (i) residential mobility (ii) father's, mother's and sibling characteristics (including siblings abroad) (iv) health (v) education level and detailed educational history (vi) training experiences (vii) skills (viii) current employment and unemployment (viii) job characteristics for the primary and secondary job (ix) labor market history (x) costs and characteristics of marriage (ix) fertility (xii) women's employment (xiii) wages from primary and any secondary jobs (xiv) return migration, refugee, and IDP experiences for Sudanese respondents (xv) modules for immigration and refugees for non-Sudanese respondents (xvi) information technology (xvi) savings and borrowing (xvii) attitudes (xviii) time use (a full 24 hour diary for adults and a shorter module for children) and (xix) a series of questions on rights to parcels, livestock, and durables.
For more details, see the questionnaires in the documentation.
Access policy
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Economic Research Forum | Economic Research Forum (ERF) | erfdataportal@erf.org.eg | www.erf.org.eg |
Contacts
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| Economic Research Forum (ERF) - 21 Al-Sad Al-Aaly St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt | erfdataportal@erf.org.eg | www.erf.org.eg |
Confidentiality
To access the micro-data, researchers are required to register on the ERF website and comply with the data access agreement.
The data will be used only for scholarly, research, or educational purposes. Users are prohibited from using data acquired from the Economic Research Forum in the pursuit of any commercial or private ventures.
Access conditions
Licensed datasets, accessible under conditions.
Citation requirements
The users should cite the Economic Research Forum and the Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan (CBS)as follows:
"OAMDI, 2023. Labor Market Panel Surveys (LMPS), http://erf.org.eg/data-portal/. Version 2.2 of Licensed Data Files; SLMPS 2022- Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan (CBS). Egypt: Economic Research Forum (ERF).”
"OAMDI, 2023. Labor Market Panel Surveys (LMPS), http://erf.org.eg/data-portal/. Version 2.2 of Licensed Data Files; SLMPS 2022- Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan (CBS). Egypt: Economic Research Forum (ERF).”
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The Economic Research Forum and the Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan, have granted the researcher access to relevant data following exhaustive efforts to protect the confidentiality of individual data. The researcher is solely responsible for any analysis or conclusions drawn from available data.
Copyright
(c) 2023, Economic Research Forum
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
SDN_SLMPS_2023_V2.2
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Economic Research Forum | ERF |
Date of Metadata Production
2023-08
DDI Document version
Version 2.2